Turning industrial wastes like slags and ashes into carbonate-cemented construction aggregates could lock away meaningful amounts of CO2 while making a saleable product.
Turning CO2 into solid carbonate rock is energetically favorable and could both store carbon permanently and make useful materials — if the chemistry can be tuned.
Indonesia can only hit net-zero by 2060 while still using fossil fuels if it builds carbon capture infrastructure, especially CO2-based oil and gas recovery.
India can cut emissions with carbon capture, but only if costs fall, technology scales up, and clear safety and storage regulations are written first.
Green finance is a central tool for cutting emissions, but it remains underexplored in mainstream economics and finance journals, this review argues.
Humans emitted about 11.2 billion tonnes of carbon a year in the 2010s; roughly half was absorbed by land and oceans, the rest stayed in the air.
Carbon capture technology for heavy industry is technically feasible but stalled by high energy costs, weak incentives, thin regulation, and public distrust — not just engineering limits.
China's 3119 petrochemical plants emitted about 814 million tonnes of CO2 in 2021, with a few processes and chain stages driving most of it.
Europe's 2050 hydrogen use could range from near zero to 3,200 TWh/year, driven mostly by electrolyzer costs and carbon budget strictness, not transport demand.